Friday, November 24, 2017

If You Want to Avoid the Pain of Arthritis, Get More Sun!



According to a study released November 21, 2017 by the University of Birmingham, healthy vitamin D levels are associated with inflammation prevention. Inflammation is a key cause of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, and other inflammatory diseases. Vitamin D is popularly known as the vitamin that is made by our bodies when exposed to sunlight, and appears to be a major factor in preventing arthritis. The study found that maintaining vitamin D levels, prevents inflammatory disease, but does not suggest that vitamin D helps to cure once arthritis has set in.

This is not a new idea, previous studies have lead to the same conclusion that Vitamin D does inhibit inflammation, the most recent study however seems to suggest that Vitamin D will not help to heal inflammation once it has already become chronic.

A study produced in 2012 in The Journal of Immunology, discovered the specific functions by which vitamin D appeared to inhibit inflammation. Though the 2012 study was not the first to associate Vitamin D levels with inflammation, it did make some key findings. In the words of Elena Govela:

"This study goes beyond previous associations of vitamin D with various health outcomes. It outlines a clear chain of cellular events, from the binding of DNA, through a specific signaling pathway, to the reduction of proteins known to trigger inflammation," She continues "Patients with chronic inflammatory diseases, such as asthma, arthritis and prostate cancer, who are vitamin D deficient, may benefit from vitamin D supplementation to get their serum vitamin D levels above 30 nanograms/milliliter."

Since the time of the 2012 study, and long before, there has been a debate about the proper amount of Vitamin D one should take on a daily basis, this discussion has continued on to the most recent study which resolved recently in 2017.

Vitamin D is a well-established vitamin, it has long been known to be an effective modulator for the immune system. Vitamin D, in particular can suppress inflammation associated with autoimmune diseases. Those found to have rheumatoid arthritis have often been found to be vitamin D deficient. The biggest discovery from this recent study is that sensitivity to vitamin D decreases in an immune system already afflicted with inflammation, and thus vitamin D may not be an effective means to cure inflammation once it has occurred. In the words of the Senior Author Karim Raza:

"Our findings were unexpected as we initially thought that cells from the inflamed rheumatoid joint would respond just as well to vitamin D as cells from the blood. The fact that they don't has important implications for how we think about using vitamin D to treat inflammation.

"Unlike previous studies we isolated different immune cell types from the actual site of disease to determine whether specific subsets of immune cells (specific T cell groups) have equal sensitivity to vitamin D."


There are only a few things that have remained consistent throughout the myriad of studies that have been conducted which is; getting sun produces vitamin D in the body, and maintaining sufficient levels of vitamin D inhibits and prevents inflammation and inflammatory disease. The best wisdom anyone can get from these studies is to get at least 30 minutes of sunlight everyday (if you can), this is not medical advise, just a natural suggestion.


References:

1. ScienceDaily, ScienceDaily, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/11/171121123308.htm.

2. ScienceDaily, ScienceDaily, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/02/120223103920.htm.


Intense Exercise Boosts Memory


Though many of the benefits of intense exercise have long been known, a new study has found one more. A new study by McMaster University posted in the “Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience” suggests that short bouts of intense exercise can improve high-interference memory. This new finding may have great benefits for those suffering with dementia, and other cognitive function issues.

In the study each of the 95 young adult were placed in one of three groups exercise only group, exercise and cognitive training group, and the control group which neither exercised or mentally trained. The test took place over a 6 week period, each day the two exercise groups would participate in brief intense periods of intense exercise.

Both the exercise, and exercise/cognitive training group showed improvements in their high-interference memory performance, and no difference was noted in the control group. Though there was no noticeable improvement in overall memory performance, high-interference memory, which is associated with the hippocampus was noticed.

Some participants were found to have better results than others. These “high responders” also showed an increased benefit in the exercise/cognitive training group, whereas most participants in both exercise groups showed similar results. The high responders were found to have increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which is a protein that supports performance, growth and survival of brain cells.

"Improvements in this type of memory from exercise might help to explain the previously established link between aerobic exercise and better academic performance," says Jennifer Heisz, lead author of the study.

Studies on older participants have been planned to discover if the same benefits can be found in elderly participants.

"One hypothesis is that we will see greater benefits for older adults given that this type of memory declines with age," says Heisz. "However, the availability of neurotrophic factors also declines with age and this may mean that we do not get the synergistic effects."

References:
Heisz, J. J., Clark, I. B., Bonin, K., Paolucci, E. M., Michalski, B., Becker, S., & Fahnestock, M. (2017). The Effects of Physical Exercise and Cognitive Training on Memory and Neurotrophic Factors. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 29(11), 1895-1907. doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01164

Just in time for Winter, Cinnamon Burns Fat Cells New Study Suggests


Just in time for the cold months, new research shows that cinnamon can be effective in culling obesity. Previous studies had shown that cinnamaldehyde, an essential oil which gives cinnamon its flavor, was found to protect the mice in the study from obesity and hyperglycemia. However, the previous studies had not demonstrated the mechanisms which allowed these processes to occur.

The findings of the study put forth by the University of Michigan – Life Sciences Institute, were published in the December issue of the “Metabolism” journal. Jun Wu, professor at LSI sought to find the mechanics behind the previous study and to see if the same results would occur in people.

"Scientists were finding that this compound affected metabolism," said Wu "So we wanted to figure out how -- what pathway might be involved, what it looked like in mice and what it looked like in human cells.”

Testing adipocyte (a type of fat cell) from the participants from a wide range of body types, ethnicities and ages, Wu and the other researchers treated the fat cells with cinnamaldehyde. When the oil was applied to the cells expressions of several genes and enzymes which have been found to aid in lipid metabolism. An increase in proteins Ucp1 and Fgf21, which are important regulators in the process of thermogenesis, or the process by which cells produce heat.

Adipocyte are the cells that store excess energy in the form of fat. This process is useful to store energy in the body for long periods of time when food is scarce, or when the weather is cold. However, in modern times food scarcity is more scarce than food, so these cells continue to store excess energy which is rarely needed. In the words of Wu:

"It's only been relatively recently that energy surplus has become a problem," Wu said. "Throughout evolution, the opposite -- energy deficiency -- has been the problem. So any energy-consuming process usually turns off the moment the body doesn't need it."

The process of thermogenesis uses energy, and can thusly be a good way to increase fat consumption in the body. Utilizing cinnamaldeyde to activate thermogenesis in fat cells, can be a useful tool in the battle against obesity. Cinnamon's current common use could make it an easy method for fat reduction which patients can easily be convinced to take.

"Cinnamon has been part of our diets for thousands of years, and people generally enjoy it," Wu said. "So if it can help protect against obesity, too, it may offer an approach to metabolic health that is easier for patients to adhere to."

Cinnamon, an herb renowned for its delicious spicy flavor, can also be a useful tool in battling weight gain and even obesity. The next time you are tempted to add extra cinnamon to your coffee or tea, remember that is not only great for flavor, it can help you keep in shape too. 

Reference:
  1. Juan Jiang, Margo P. Emont, Heejin Jun, Xiaona Qiao, Jiling Liao, Dong-il Kim, Jun Wu. Cinnamaldehyde induces fat cell-autonomous thermogenesis and metabolic reprogramming. Metabolism, 2017; 77: 58 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.08.006

Wednesday, November 22, 2017

Meditation may Reduce Risk of heart Disease, Says the AHA


Meditation has long been considered a healthy lifestyle practice, many people swear by its ability to reduce daily stress, and improve all around health. Among many of meditation's uses, meditation for heart health has long been practiced, and believed by many to be a strong supplement to modern medicines.

Recently the American Heart Association (AHA) has reviewed dozens of studies on how meditation impacts heart health. This report supports the ideas that many have long believed may be true regarding the healing effects of meditation. With more than $200 billion spent annually on heart disease it would certainly serve humanity well to find inexpensive, healthy, and readily available alternatives to the modern medicine.

By helping to avoid stress, and many other common diseases risk factors, is science finally catching on to ancient healing properties meditation has held all along?


Meditation for Heart Health: A Statement by the AHA-

In the Journal of the American Heart Association a scientific statement was released on September 28th, 2017 entitled “Meditation and Cardiovascular Risk Reduction: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association”. In their release the AHA, for the first time, has issued a statement in regards to meditation, and heart health. The experts at the AHA have reviewed dozens of studies which were conducted on meditation. The studies reviewed covered eight forms of meditation and theirs effects on heart disease risk factors, and the recovery of those that had suffered heart disease, such as heart attacks. The risk factors studied included stress, smoking, high blood pressure and atherosclerosis.

The breaking review set forth by the AHA is an innovative scientific review, that incorporates long held beliefs about meditation's healthful benefits, with a modern scientific, fact based view. The AHA's new finding may be a window into an entirely new field of medical developments when it comes to improving the health of the heart that can may help people in all walks of life.


The Conclusions of the Review-

For many years it has been speculated that mediation for heart health may be a possible alternative to modern standardized medicines, and the new findings by the AHA show support for this ideology. Dr. Glenn Levine Chair of the American College of Cardiology task force on clinical practice guidelines, says that the studies have shown encouraging results. Dr. Levine also suggests that the data is not yet conclusive enough for a justified recommendation for the treatment of meditation for heart disease. For now, he suggests that mediation for heart health can be considered as a supplemental to the standard treatments available. Though the results were promising, Dr. Levine's group still encourages existing treatments other than meditation for heart disease, such as losing eight, quitting smoking and lowering cholesterol.

“Our clear message is that meditation may be a reasonable (additional) intervention, but we specifically do not want people to rely on meditation or other such adjunctive interventions in place of proven therapies,” States Dr. Levine, “Meditation should be considered as a potential lifestyle modification, but should not be used to replace standard and proven treatments such as smoking cessation, blood pressure control and treatment of high cholesterol levels,” Levine continued.

Most of the studies conducted that were included in this report were of relatively small groups, most without relative control groups. Many of the studies covered the effects of meditation on reducing several of the factors common in heart disease, such as meditation and lower blood pressure. Both of these factors are widely suggestive as risk factors in heart disease, despite the small groups and lack of controls in the studies, the studies do suggest that meditation at the very least reduces stress and blood pressure, which are both considered strong risk factors in general heart disease.
Addressing stress concerns can reduce stress hormones which have been linked to higher risks of hear attack, as well as lowering blood pressure can damper the risk of general heart disease.




What You Can Take from the Report



Meditation, can be included as part of your daily heart-healthy strategy, so long as you understand that the data has not yet conclusively proven that mediation for heart health has tangible benefits. Though meditation for heart disease, does not appear to be a cure all, the report put forth by the AHA certainly suggests that it may have strong benefits as part of a daily routine, not only by possibly reducing stress, and lowering blood pressure, but also by encouraging a more mindful, healthful lifestyle. As with many holistic treatments for disease it can be very difficult to prove whether meditation for heart health is effective, or just how effective it may be.


The AHA and Dr. Levine, state in the report that they believe that people interested in improving their hearts health should certainly consider meditation for heart health, so long as they are also including other “scientifically proven” techniques to reducing risk of heart disease. Levine says “we are extremely encouraged by the findings.”, and that more studies will be necessary to definitely prove the practice of meditation for heart health works.


Meditation to Improve Health and Wellbeing


Meditation, and mindfulness practices have been long touted by many as a means to all around improved health, and life well being. These practices come in a variety of forms including breathing, sustained focus on an image or sound, and quiet contemplation. Meditation, and mindfulness practices can help you to feel more calm and to let go of stress. Stress in a way acts as your bodies alarm system, stress causes adrenaline to be released into your body which in turn can speed up your heart rate, raise blood pressure, and cause breathing to become more rapid. These natural processes are often refereed to as the fight or flight reaction, which is useful when you need to get away from danger or fight of an attacker. However, stress can take a toll on your body if it occurs too often or for long periods at a time. Meditation, and mindfulness practices help to reduce the occurrence, and duration of stress which can help prevent diseases that stress can cause.


According to the AHA several studies suggest a range of healing benefits. The benefits of meditation appear to include an increased ability to process information, slowed cognitive effects of aging, reduced inflammation, supporting the immune system, reduced symptoms of menopause, a controlled response to pain, and improved sleep.



Types of Meditation or Heart Health.
There are many forms of meditation including compassion or metta, insight or Vipassana, mantra, relaxation, transcendental, zen meditation, chi gong, Tai Chi, yoga and many more. Mediation can be as simple as sitting in a quiet space and focusing on your breathing, as your mind wanders simply bring your focus back to your breathing. As you practice you will gradually increase the length of time you are able to focus on your breathing.
Perhaps the most popular form of meditation is transcendental meditation. Transcendental mediation was made popular by American authors Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson. This form of meditation is a practice that allows you to focus inward on yourself, the technique when practiced allows you to mindful of the thoughts going through your mind and the sounds from your outside environment, without directly engaging with the stimulus. Typically done in a seated position with your eyes closed for 20 minutes, practiced twice a day.
A third form of meditation called mindfulness meditation can use and object, sound or thought to focus on. Rather than focusing on no thought in general like transcendental meditation, you focus on one though, sound or phrase and maintain your focus a single thing and maintain that focus.
Each of these forms of meditation appear to reduce stress, and lower blood pressure, by training you to be more aware of your thoughts, surroundings, and actions. If done daily meditation can be very transformative.



In Conclusion


Strong evidence shows that meditation for heart health as a daily practice can reduce the risk factors associated with heart disease such as stress and high blood pressure. Reducing these risk factors for heart disease through mediation may promote heart health, and reduce the risk of heart disease. The AHA suggests adding meditation to your daily routines as an easy, low-cost preventative to heart disease. Though the AHA in their new report find that meditation for heart health appears to be effective, they say you should be mindful to continue using time proven methods of heart disease prevention such as losing weight, quitting smoking and lowering cholesterol.
Daily meditation has long been used for reducing stress, and improving general lifestyle improvements. Now, we are one step closer to having proof of what has long been speculated about meditation and improvements to our daily lives and our bodies.
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Successful Gene Therapy Delivery to the Brain, Through the Eyes-



Introduction-

While looking into treatments for a mouse's eye infection, I happened to run across a study from 2015. The study entitled “Eye Drops Deliver Gene Therapy for Brain Disorders”, was enacted on mice. The study used eyedrops to deliver a genetic growth factor directly to the brains of mice, through the eye. Needless to say the study caught my eye and I wanted to look further into the study, and where it has lead.

Mouse Study using G-CSF-

In 2015 a group of scientists funded by the National Institute of Biomedical Engineering developed a method of delivering, and monitoring the effects of a certain genetic growth factor in brain disorders. Previous studies utilizing the same method had been conducted on humans, but the method for tracking the growth factor had not been developed, and therefore the human trial effectiveness was difficult to determine. The mouse study sought not only to determine the effectiveness of the growth factor but to also track its location.

The study used a special formula in the form of eyedrops filled with a genetic growth factor called Ganulocyte2 Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF). The growth factor was designed to increase blood flow in mice afflicted with ischemia1 of the brain. The eyedrops containing the growth factor were dropped into the eye of the mice. From the eye the G-CSF was tracked by MRI scans as it entered the brain.

The treatment lead to a significant reduction in neurological defects, brain atrophy, and death of mice normally caused by ischemia. This study showed promising results and may be implimented in further human studies.


Human Studies using G-CSF-

G-CSF treatment has been looked at as a form of treatment for various diseases caused by ischemia, not only in the brain, but in other organs such as the heart as well. Getting G-CSF to the brain is considered a possible treatment for diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and ALS. There is speculation that a G-CSF treatment, or a similar formula could be carried on emergency vehicles in an eye drop form. The eyedrops would be kept on hand in cases where lack of blood flow to the brain may be of concern in cases of stroke for example.
Studies have been held on humans, but the technique for monitoring the G-CSF expression did not exist, prior to the mouse study of 2015 discussed above. In a human study of over 400 stroke patients, G-CSF eye drop treatments did not improve outcomes of patients, or reduce the effects of stroke. This failure had long diminished enthusiasm about the treatment. Without being able to track the G-CSF after it entered the body, it could not be determined whether the growth factor either had no effect on the human brain, or if it the brain simply never received the growth factor in significant doses. Some doctors still see the promise of such a therapy, and believe that using the MRI techniques developed in the mouse study could help to establish whether the therapy is reaching the human brain, and if it may ever be affective.
In the words of Richard Conroy, Ph.D., Director of the NIBIB Division of Applied Science and Technology:

This new, rapid, non-invasive administration and evaluation of gene therapy has the potential to be successfully translated to humans,” Conroy says “The use of MRI to specifically image and verify gene expression, now gives us a much clearer picture of how effective the gene therapy is. The dramatic reduction in brain atrophy in mice, if verified in humans, could lead to highly effective emergency treatments for stroke and other diseases that often cause brain damage such as heart attack.”


Thoughts in Review-
As someone generally skeptical of genetic modification, or alteration I was inspired to research deeper into this study and type of therapy. I could not have imagined a genetic therapy with as many possible implications as this one carries. This type of therapy, though it can certainly be used in a beneficial manner, can also have unforeseen side effects, and may not always carry a formula meant to help. If a drop in the eyes can send genetic growth factors to the brain directly, we must realize that this type of therapy has risks, and could be implimented on a massive scale quite easily.
Though the human studies showed no effect, it can not be disregarded that the mice study proved successful at delivering genetic therapy directly to the brain using only the eyeball as a vector. These same techniques could be possible in people as well, and what is delivered may not always be beneficial to us.


Similar News-
A drug called Luxturna, used to treat a rare eye condition called Leber's congenital amaurosis, has recently been recommended for approval by the FDA. The FDA will decide final approval of Luxturna by January 12th of 2018. Luxturna is a genetic therapy that is injected into the eye (with a microscopic needle), and alters the genetics of the retina using a virus to modify the gene attributed to the retinal disease, using a virus to spread genetic information. Luxturna began testing on human participants in 2012, and has shown to improve the vision of those with Leber's. I hope to cover this topic deeper in a future article, stay tuned for more.
Footnotes-

1. Ischemia or ischaemia- is a restriction in blood supply to tissues, causing a shortage of oxygen and glucoseneeded for cellular metabolism (to keep tissue alive) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemia

2. Ganulocyte- “Granulocytes are a category of white blood cells characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm.”- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulocyte

References-

1. "Eye drops deliver gene therapy for brain disorders – NIH mouse study." National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering. November 03, 2015. Accessed October 28, 2017. https://www.nibib.nih.gov/news-events/newsroom/eye-drops-deliver-gene-therapy-brain-disorders-%E2%80%93-nih-mouse-study.

2. "ClinicalKey." ClinicalKey. Accessed November 04, 2017. https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/playContent/1-s2.0-S0140673617318688.
3. Taylor, Phil. "Spark Therapeutics' Luxturna advisory committee vote sets gene therapy landmark." FierceBiotech. October 13, 2017. Accessed November 04, 2017. http://www.fiercebiotech.com/biotech/spark-therapeutics-luxturna-adcomm-vote-sets-gene-therapy-landmark.